The study estimated the impacts of the bike-sharing schemes on physical activity, air pollution and traffic incidents.
They estimated that annually 4.7 premature deaths were saved in the USA with 2 premature deaths saved in New York City; 737 Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) were reduced in the USA, with 355 DALYs reduce din New York City; and US$36,000,000 saved in health economic impacts in the uSA, with US$15,000,000 saved in New York City.
This was a qualitative study of members of the Swedish Sámi community, involving six in-depth interviews (three men, three women). Five key themes were identified:
Current impacts
It’s like a battle between ‘David’ (the community) against a ‘Goliath’ (the mining company).
It’s a slow process of challenging the community that takes a lot of power and energy.
It’s about defending and protecting ourselves.
Future impacts
If the reindeer die then everything dies (their whole way of life).
It generates a feeling of powerlessness.
This is a short letter, that is open access. What’s interesting about it is the four causal pathways - increase restoration, physical activity, pro-environmental behaviour and social contact - and the six types of resilience they highlight - mental, physical, emotional, social, natural and human.
It’s understandable why, universally, HIA is seen as a tool because if we didn’t call HIA , or any kind of impact assessment, a tool, what would we call them?
HIA is an aesthetic, methodology, an approach, an orientation, a way of seeing the world, where we are active agents. Where we can identify, prioritise and do something about minimising harmful effects and inequalities while maximising beneficial effects and equity.
Litter falls under the concept of a neighbourhood incivility. There are two broad types of neighbourhood incivilities: social and physical. They both link to behaviours that are judged to be ‘uncivil’ by at least some people if not the majority of people in a community or society. Incivilities in turn fall under the broader concept of social disorder.
“Neighbourhood incivilities may take forms such as litter, graffiti and signs of vandalism and can serve as indicators of 'disorder' or a declining quality of life within urban neighbourhoods.” (Herbert, 1993, p.1)
I really like this model. It applies the ecological model to understand why women are not getting their fair share of leadership roles despite their ability, skill and experience to do so. This model shows that only by actions at all five levels will there be a meaningful reduction in the leadership quite gap between women and men.
I have been feeling the loss of the HIA Gateway website since it closed 2010-11. Since then I’ve been hoping that one or other UK or international organisations would pick up the ‘dropped baton’ and resurrect the HIA Gateway in some form. Unfortunately that hasn’t happened.
